The Human Body as a Site of Traumatic Narrative in Ambrose Bierce and Stephen Crane’s Civil War Stories - Literature Essay Samples

One of the more impactful means by which the experience of war is recreated for a civilian audience is through the illustration of the human body, with lived experience and relevant literature illustrating war as an entity so powerful that it physically brands trauma onto the of soldiers. Only beginning with the American Civil War do American veterans become symbolically representative of war, and it largely is due to the human body being transformed by war: firstly as an object of killing and secondly as a site of traumatic narrative. Civil War veteran and writer Ambrose Bierce provides an illustration of this concept in its earliest American context in his 1889 short story, Chickamauga, which is set during the historical battle of the same name (which Bierce was a witness and participant in). This particular work by Bierce is significant in that it specifically employs the human body as a means of creating an authentic illustration of both the soldier and the veteran of the Civil W ar. I intend to prove this argument by providing relevant contextual information about Bierce, analyzing the corporeal imagery within Chickamauga by order of narrative, and finally by comparing his impact on the language of war and trauma to that of Stephen Crane, a non-veteran. The results of this examination will serve to reveal a substantial, cultural relationship between the human body and the American war narratives as they have evolved from Bierce’s post-Civil War context of writing. Bierce’s position as a major figure of post-1865 literary culture is attributable to his willingness to write fiction about the Civil War when he was also a veteran of it (Kaufmann). What should be emphasized from this piece of biographical information is the fact that Bierce illustrates his experiences of war creatively and through fiction, as opposed to using the popular styles of memoir or historical documentation. Bierce’s contribution to the American war narrative is revolutionary specifically because he used the language of creativity and the style of fiction to communicate his specific experiences of trauma to a civilian audience. His method of doing so is characterized especially by images and descriptions of the human body, the same physical form that he had been trained to objectify, degrade, and finally destroy during his years in combat. Bierce employs the human body as a literary device within his war stories for both narrative purposes and personal engagem ent with his unspeakably distressing past, in which he was a nationally endorsed murderer of his countrymen. Furthermore, a brief chronicle of veteran-civilian relationships in the post-war era serves to culturally contextualize Bierce’s artistic emphases. While the excessive brutality of the Civil War affected nearly all Americans in some form or another, it was the former soldiers who were forever affected by the events they witnessed and the actions they participated in. The distress and disturbance of veterans was so transformative that an irreparable chasm emerged between them and the civilian population. In physical, emotional, and mental capacities, these two groups of people were entirely and irrevocably separated on the basis of traumatic experience. Yet, as all artists seek to do, Bierce endeavored to create a literary work that would establish even the smallest of bridges between these two groups of people, which would allow the civilian population to better understand the soldier’s experience and thus maintain more appropriate relationships with them. The use of th e body as a site of narrative is, in this context, a method of communicating physical trauma of the veteran so that it is made to feel even slightly more experiential to all Americans, as opposed to the group of a few. In terms of making the soldier’s experience of war and physical transformation more comprehensible to all individuals, Chickamauga emerges as Bierce’s most vital illustration of the Civil War. Published in 1889, Chickamauga’s origins as a fictional short story arise from Bierce’s participation in and witnessing of the Battle of Chickamauga, one of the many particularly bloody conflicts that Bierce would witness as a serviceman. In an artistic blending of personal experience and universal innocence, the story is centered on the thoughts and actions of a six-year-old boy. This particular assignment of the story’s point of view reflects Bierce’s intent that his traumatic recollections of battle be understood specifically as a corruption of innocence, which the child’s immature body and mind is naturally emblematic of. Yet, Bierce burdens the child’s natural state of undeveloped physicality with the mentality and spirituality of a lofty, imperialistic ideology. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦this childs spirit, in bodies of its ancestors, had for thousands of years been trained to memorable feats of discovery and conquest†(Bier ce). The protagonist of Chickamauga is doomed from the moment of his introduction, and it is specifically because of a natural separation between his physical capacities as a child and his mental instincts of acting as adult who believes himself the conqueror. The boy’s body is created as a representational entity of all young men who joined the army to â€Å"become† men, only to be metaphorically transformed into machines and only considered useful so long as they could kill other human beings. Bierce is thus using the language of the corporeal to foreshadow the boy’s forthcoming objectification and dehumanization in the line of duty. The next bodies described are those of the soldiers making their way through the forest after participating in the historical Battle of Chickamauga. At first described to be missing half of their entire anatomies, the narrator describes one particular soldier as having, â€Å"†¦a face that lacked a lower jaw—from the upper teeth to the throat was a great red gap fringed with hanging shreds of flesh and splinters of bone. The unnatural prominence of nose, the absence of chin, the fierce eyes, gave this man the appearance of a great bird of prey crimsoned in throat and breast by the blood of its quarry†. Graphic imagery aside, Bierce’s stress on the soldier’s wounded mouth suggests that for this soldier, communication as a verbal action is permanently impossible. Bierce’s illustration of the future veteran is entirely characterized by a future of physical and mental isolation from fellow humans, as well as a self-image based on the physical appea rance of incompletion. More than permitting and even encouraging his physical humiliation, the war has rendered him to an object of combat and a symbol of its savagery. His corporeal humiliation is complete, and war has thereby secured his dehumanized identity. This notion of war as a system built on dehumanization is next elaborated upon on a wider scale, this time applying corporeal degradation to the army as body of broken individuals. In the soldier’s â€Å"awful march to water†, the soldiers are said to resemble men fleeing from their hunters. Bierce’s language of the soldier’s actions (obtaining water like any other being) is arguably similar to the description of pigs being led to a trough, rather than men reviving and cleansing themselves. This interpretation is substantiated by their comparison to hunted prey, but Bierce twists the metaphor by continuing to address the hunted beings as â€Å"men†. Again, Bierce utilizes a repurposing of language and style in order to produce the vision of an otherwise unknowable trauma. Bierce’s experimentation with language in order to suit a contemporary need for personal testimony and public acknowledgement is once again proven to be an affective communi cation of war experiences. The penultimate description of a war-torn corporeal is in the image of the boy’s murdered mother, which is described in the following passage: There, conspicuous in the light of the conflagration, lay the dead body of a woman—the white face turned upward, the hands thrown out and clutched full of grass, the clothing deranged, the long dark hair in tangles and full of clotted blood. The greater part of the forehead was torn away, and from the jagged hole the brain protruded, overflowing the temple, a frothy mass of gray, crowned with clusters of crimson bubbles—the work of a shell The victimization of a beloved family member, especially one who was an undeserving civilian, makes the horrifying description of the body more tragic than gruesome. It is an entirely new experience of the corporeal than ones previously encountered, not because of violence but because of a personal toll of that violence. The implications of this scene are substantial specifically because they denote an uncivilized and morally dishonorable style of combat, one that is distinctively unjustifiable by the standards of conduct in battle. The body becomes a place in which the reader draws comparisons to the earlier descriptions of soldiers, allowing Bierce to expose the hypocritical irony of a system that validates the killing of some and denounces that of others. Finally, the story’s earlier foreshadowing of the boy’s transformation is fulfilled when he sees his mother’s body, with the narrator now observing him in the following quote: â€Å"The child moved his little hands, making wild, uncertain gestures. He uttered a series of inarticulate and indescribable cries—something between the chattering of an ape and the gobbling of a turkey—a startling, soulless, unholy sound, the language of a devil. The child was a deaf mute†. Bierce ensures the circularity of the narrative by changing the boy’s body in the way only war does so: through the debilitation of the physical being and a final act of humiliation towards the boy’s sense of personhood. The surprise revelation that the boy is a deaf-mute conveys the impossibility of the trauma within the narrative while also symbolically communicating what every veteran of every war knows: war is best communicated by the silence of the experienced s oldier. Comparisons of Chickamauga to Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage provide an interesting juxtaposition between the nature of war from both veteran and non-veteran perspectives. Like Bierce, Crane frequently uses irony to express the irrelevancy of heroic action in a war environment. Furthermore, protagonist Henry Fleming also experiences his feelings of being dehumanized specifically through the notion of physically existing as just attachment to a collective body of soldiers. Exemplifying this conviction is his insistence that he is, â€Å"merely a part of a vast blue demonstration†(Crane), thereby suggesting Crane desired an approach towards the Civil War that reflected a â€Å"Biercian† emphasis on corporeality. The body of the soldier is shown to prove that the individual is no longer in possession of his right to personhood, and is now wholly irrelevant in all faculties other than those required of a soldier. Like Bierce, Crane appears to be lamenting o f the institution of war on the basis of its routine dehumanization and the neglect with which mainstream society recognizes their true extent of their physical and emotional disadvantages. By focusing on a criticism of contemporary society instead of an illustration of battle trauma, Crane’s reveals his lack of experience in combat and fails to deliver the same trauma only capable of conveyance by a veteran. As the book continues, The Red Badge of Courage takes further deviations from the reality of war as Bierce has illustrated it. Henry encounters many soldiers whose physical appearances reveal narratives of trauma, but unlike Bierce, the irony of their situations is far more obvious. For example, Henry encounters a mortally wounded friend, Jim Conklin, who says the following quote: â€Å"I tell yeh what Im fraid of, Henry—Ill tell yeh what Im fraid of. I m fraid I ll fall down—an them yeh know—them damned artillery wagons—they like as not ll run over me. That s what I m fraid of—†. Jim’s fearful acknowledgement of the pending degradation of his body indicates an awareness of how war objectifies the individual and ensures the soldier’s physical humiliation even in death. The scene is wholly ironic in nature; the audience knows that Henry is unreliable and in reality, he is most likely incapable of preventing the physical desecrati on of Jim’s body. Jim’s final act, a literal attempt to stand tall in the face of death but ultimately falling like any other soldier, cements irony as the central literary device used by Crane’s in his use of corporeal imagery. As an endlessly utilized and contextually repetitive style of narrative, Crane again proves himself incapable of illustrating war in its accurate complexity as a lived experience. Finally, the illustration of the human corpse in Crane’s book is a realistic but far less influential force of narrative, particularly in its inability to deliver the same trauma of Bierce’s experienced-based illustrations. In one of the more famous passages of the text, describing Henry’s sense of peace in nature to be broken by the sight of a decaying corpse against a nearby tree trees. Employing expressionism as stylistic foundation of reader’s experience, Crane describes the corpse with increasing levels of revolting detail, moving from, â€Å"the uniform that had once been blue† to a considerably more graphic, â€Å"Over the gray skin of the face ran little ants. One was trundling some sort of bundle along the upper lip†. Like Bierce, Crane uses language to ferment a specific image of death as product of war, and while it is an accurate description of a rotting corpse, the soldier’s anonymity denies the reader of the personalized trauma of Chickamauga. It is horrifying as a device of shock value and independently powerful, but it is substantially less devastating than the site of a murdered mother as in Bierce’s story. By discussing the subtle differences in the descriptive impact of Bierce and Crane, I have endeavored to illustrate the importance of narrative voice and authorial background in the production of the American war narrative. Bierce is the undeniable authority in creating a fictionalized war narrative, as proven by his revolutionary re-appropriation of fictional style to convey a non-fiction experience of trauma. Chickamauga exemplifies Bierce’s profound skill in giving the audience a more universal and truthful language with which to understand both the veteran as more than a war trophy and war itself a dehumanizing and physically degrading state of life. Bierce’s legacy is further solidified by a historical and cultural legacy of illustrating war through the imagery of the body. However, the purpose of conveying trauma has been increasingly altered since the Civil War, increasingly working to reflect the high ideals of patriotic ideology. No longer the freak of nationalism and the shame of the community, the veteran now represents consummate Americanism and particularly the notion of ideal masculinity. When the Pearl Harbor attacks introduce America to her own penetrability, the bodies of soldiers and of veterans begin to represent patriotic duty, the American sense of justice, and the suggestion of military service as a means to manhood. Bierce’s exploration of the how war manifests trauma through the human body is applicable to modernity because the scars of war have never left the soldier’s flesh or memory, regardless of historical context. As a close reading of Ambrose Bierce proves, there is a permanent brok enness of being in anyone who experiences the reality of war for his or herself. It is the cultural failure to acknowledge this damage, as well as causes of it, which dooms America to measure patriotism by lofty standards of ideology, which continue to be symbolized by the visible and invisible scars left on every single American body of war.

An Elegant Essay Sample is a Great Introduction to Writing Essays

An Elegant Essay Sample is a Great Introduction to Writing EssaysThe Elegant Essay Sample is an invaluable resource for all students preparing for the essay. It is an excellent way to take your writing to the next level, and to learn some of the essential skills required to get through the essay.In most essays, a student will have some trouble on the flow of thought. The Elegant Essay Sample can be of great help, as it will show how to bring structure to the whole essay. You will soon be able to put thought into your writing with ease, and get over the fear of writing an essay.You will be able to get help from the Elegant Essay Sample if you are looking for suggestions on how to format your essay. Many of the examples used in the essay have been written by a professional essay writer, so they are already preformatted for you. There are also other excellent resources available, but if you would rather stick to one set of examples you can use this resource as a guide.Some of the exampl es will help you if you are trying to find advice on how to include a paragraph break in your essay. You will be able to give examples of the professional quality essays that feature this, as well as giving some tips on how to make your paragraphs more informative. This is the first point that you should think about, as the Elegant Essay Sample helps you make sure that your essay flows smoothly.The Elegant Essay Sample will help you make a clear distinction between a sub-par essay and a quality essay. There are many aspects to consider when preparing a perfect essay, but if you really want to impress your professor then it is crucial that you learn how to put together a quality essay, one step at a time.One of the main reasons that students struggle with their essays is because they arenot familiar with how to structure them properly. This resource will help you find out what you need to write about and how to put it all together.By taking time to search for the right resource, you will soon be ready to present your essay to your instructor. Take the time to choose the right course. If you use the Elegant Essay Sample as a guide, then your grades will reflect the quality of your essay.

Essay about Birth of the Republic - 1560 Words

The Birth of the Republic Edmund S. Morgan Notes James Otis – 1765 â€Å"Were these colonies left to themselves tomorrow, America would be a mere shambles of blood and confusion . . . . there would soon be civil war from one end of the continent to the other.† 20 years later these same people united to create a government that has had a longer continuous existence than that of any Western country except England. P. 8 - Colonial governors helpless to take action without the assistance of the representative assemblies. The assemblies held the power of the purse and generally got their way. Navigation Acts – acts passed by British Parliament to regulate colonial trade so that raw materials were produced for the mother country and†¦show more content†¦Sept. 13, 1768 – with troops about to arrive, the people of Boston gathered in Town Meeting and declared that the keeping of a standing army amongst them â€Å"without their consent in person or by Representatives of their own free election, would be an infringement of their natural, constitutional and Charter Rights; and the employing such Army for the enforcing of Laws made without the consent of the people, in Person, or by their representatives would be a grievance.â €  (p45) The Bostonians, by restraining their anger and offering no open affront to the troops, were able to win universal sympathy and to make the whole policy of employing troops against them seem as ridiculous as it was odious. In fact, such a calm prevailed that no real use could be found for the troops at all. March 5, 1770 – Boston Massacre – A crowd gathered, â€Å"a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and mulattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tars† as John Adams called them during the soldiers’ trial. Soldiers received a heavy bombardment of snowballs and rubbish when they opened fire. 3 dead, 8 wounded , including Crispus Attucks. The story spread rapidly throughout colonies. Americans by now had realized that Boston’s cause was their cause. They all had property which Parliament claimed the right to take away. They all had rep. assemblies that royal governors might dissolve. 1770-1773 - The Townshend Acts didShow MoreRelatedBirth of the Republic Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesIn the readings by Edmund S. Morgan the problems of the colonists are summed up and able to be understood by everyone who picks up the book. It lists in detail what went on to provoke and then what went on to fix issues in question. 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The Crucible, By Arthur Miller - 1790 Words

The question on everyone’s mind is what really are the explanations for these â€Å"supernatural forces† pegging these poor Puritan towns? Could it really have been witchcraft and magic? Or could there be another explanation for these unusually events? In Arthur Miller s historical fiction play, The Crucible, Abigail Williams, in order to remove the wife of the man she loves, with the help from the other town girls, she accuses a large portion of her Puritan town of witchcraft. Abigail Williams is to blame, but not entirely, for successfully sentencing many to death because the town did not consider the possible environmental mental disorders, she shows symptoms of primarily, Borderline Personality Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Reactive Attachment Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder that is caused by a childhood traumatic event which leads to mental and behavioral instability. Abigail’s trauma roots in her â€Å" [seeing] Indians smash [her] dear parents’ head on the pillows next to [hers]† (Miller 19). The loss of her parents was ultimately the turning point in Abigail’s life because this led to living with her uncle who could not provide her emotional support after the already violent and traumatic event. She was not able to have a stable home life as she was moved from place to place. Also, witnessing the murder from a young age lead her to accept and turn to violence. This violence tendency is not only toward others but towardShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. 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Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1189 Words

Introduction To legalize or to not legalize drugs, that is the popular question lately. The current repeat visitor to each states legislative sessions is making marijuana legal. Currently in the United States there are twenty states with legal medical marijuana and the District of Columbia. Out of those twenty only Colorado and Washington have also legalized marijuana for recreational use. When it comes to legalizing drugs marijuana appears to be the most popular one being advocated for. However, does that leave the door open for other drugs to be advocated for as well? Should they all be legalized or just a select few? History of politics interfering with freedom to choose Good intentions will always be pleaded for every assumption of authority. It is hardly too strong to say that the Constitution was made to guard the people against the dangers of good intentions. There are men in all ages who mean to govern well, but they mean to govern. They promise to be good masters, but they mean to be masters (Daniel Webster). The 1920’s in the United States has been put in the history books as the prohibition era. Though the idea behind prohibition was paved with good intentions, prohibition brought ramifications that politicians did not anticipate. Such as, the rise of organized crime and immigration. By the 1930’s alcohol prohibition was repealed and the 21st amendment in the constitution was born. This is the only time a previous amendment has been repealed in its entiretyShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. 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In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

A Whisper Of Aids, By Mary Fisher - 1866 Words

LET MY STORY GROW LOUDER UNTIL AIDS ARE NO MORE: The relevance of A Whisper of AIDS to all generations Mary Fisher tested positive for HIV in 1991. The daughter of Max Fisher, a powerful and wealthy republican, she wasn t what most people pictured when they thought about HIV/AIDS. As such, when Fisher took the stage in 1992 and spoke out against the treatment of her disease at the Republican National Convention. She accepted the task of introducing HIV/AIDS to an audience who had previously been able to pretend that the disease had nothing to do with them and forcing them to confront their own prejudices about the disease. During the 1980s and 90s, testing positive for HIV inevitably lead to death not long after as there were no life prolonging treatments. Fisher approaches the speech as an epidemic speech; heavily relying on ethos and pathos she created compassion and connection to an audience that usually shows disinterest and silence on the topic. In this paper, I will argue that Mary Fisher s A Whisper of AIDS use ethos and pa thos was the most effective way to demand the end the ignorance, prejudice and silence surrounding HIV/AIDS. Throughout the paper I will analyze the speech by means of logos, pathos, and ethos. The Approach (style and performance) Fisher approaches A Whisper of AIDS with a demanding tone, which shifts into compassion. The first portion of her speech is littered with statistics and logical deductive reasoning. She declares HIV/AIDS as theShow MoreRelatedA Whisper Of Aids, By Mary Fisher1774 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction Mary Fisher, an American political activist, author, and artist, has survived a fatal disease, and who lives to support those who suffer the mutual virus known as H.I.V. or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. She spreads awareness of the outbreak through the use of speeches, campaigns, and volunteer opportunities. Her most famous speech, which defined her as a political icon, was titled â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS†. The speech was delivered at the Republican National Convention, on August 19, 1992Read MoreA Whisper Of Aids, By Mary Fisher1369 Words   |  6 PagesLET MY STORY GROW LOUDER UNTIL AIDS ARE NO MORE: In this paper, I will dispute that in Mary Fisher s A Whisper of AIDS speech, the use of pathos and ethos assists in her demand to end the ignorance, prejudice and silence surrounding HIV/AIDS. I will discuss how she replaces the face of AIDS with her own, allowing the conservative crowd to connect with HIV/AIDS. Fisher approaches the speech as an epidemic speech; heavily relying on ethos and pathos she created compassion and connection to anRead MoreA Whisper Of Aids By Mary Fisher Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesMary Fisher, the HIV-positive daughter of the well off and effective Republican reserve raiser Max Fisher, remained before the group to tell the gathering of people: In the event that you trust you are sheltered, you are in risk (McGee). She communicated this message in the scandalous discourse astutely titled, A Whisper of AIDS, that she persuasively conveyed amid the 1992 Republican National Tradition Address on August nineteenth in Houston, TX. Fisher talked in a way that built up herRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Fisher A Whisper Of Aids1190 Words   |  5 PagesCarriers of the viruses of HIV and AIDS have been silenced for far too long. It is time to speak out. In Mary Fisher’s speech â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† she helps her audience to understand that the topic of HIV and AIDS should no longer be silenced. Fisher stood before an audience of her peers and used many forms of persuasion available to her in order to evoke a positive significant response from her audience. Mary Fisher was born in Louisville, Kentucky on April 6, 1948. She spent her early years inRead MoreAnalysis Of A Whisper Of Aids By Mary Fisher1083 Words   |  5 Pagesvirus. Mary Fisher was one of a few individuals that accepted the cruelty of the virus, only by accepting what HIV is, she was then able to challenge the virus. In order to awaken the society about the reality of AIDS, Mary Fisher’s speech, â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† would send a message of challenge towards the virus and a sense of unity for humans. By balancing three different persuasive appeals: ethos, logos and pathos, Fisher would be able to connect to a variety of audience. The message that Fisher wantedRead MoreSummary Of A Whisper Of Aids By Mary Fisher1077 Words   |  5 Pagesoutcast yourself if you had AIDS/HIV? In â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† by Activist Mary Fisher, she speaks out against people who discriminate against others diagnosed with AIDS. She presents this speech to educate othe rs about how to prevent AIDS. In 1992, AIDS was a worldwide epidemic that affect millions of people. Over 202,520 people were affected between 1988-1992. Most people believed AIDS/HIV was a disease for prostitutes and intravenous drug abusers due to misconceptions. Mary uses repetition, dictionRead MoreMary Fisher- a Whisper of Aids Essay1775 Words   |  8 PagesSyndrome (AIDS) epidemic in America was a huge crisis during the 1900s. Not knowing the true nature of AIDS, the society and policy makers simply alienated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive population. The stigma of AIDS exacerbated existing problems of prejudice and social inequity. However, Mary Fisher’s inspiring speech cleverly titled, â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS,† effectively promoted awareness of HIV and AIDS throughout the United States, and brought a change to a public policy on AIDS relatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Fisher Speech Whisper Of Aids 1018 Words   |  5 Pagestoday I would like to write on Mary Fisher speech titled â€Å"Whisper of AIDS†. First I would like to give brief background information on Mary Fisher. Known as an artist, author, advocate, and founder of family AIDS network. As an AIDS patient herself while working for the Republican Party, she delivered her speech in 1992 in front of the whole nation. During that same year, she funded the family AIDS network. Throughout the years, she was committed to work with AIDS patience in Africa and continuedRead MoreMary Fisher s Speech : A Whisper Of Aids886 Words   |  4 PagesMary Fisher’s speech entitled â€Å"A Whisper of Aids,† is an appeal to the emotional and political moods of the Republican National Conference on August 19, 1992. In this speech she talks about her disease, but unlike most people, who become depressed when they learn about contracting the disease, Mary Fisher stands up and fights for everyone who has AIDS as well as bringing the statics of HIV and AIDS to ligh t. Mary Fisher’s speech can be analyzed from three different standpoints: structure, deliveryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Mary Fisher s A Whisper Of Aids 869 Words   |  4 Pagesmodes of persuasion. These modes include Logos and Pathos. Logos is the actual evidence and argument whereas pathos is the speakers appeal to the audience’s emotions. In Mary Fisher’s 1992 Republican National Convention Address also known as â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† Fisher speaks to America about the seriousness of HIV and AIDS. Fisher uses both logos and pathos to appeal to the audience. She urges America to take action by using evidence and experiences to promote emotions and certain attitudes to her

Assessment Of Alpha Response Technological Company - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Assessment Of Alpha Response Technological Company. Answer: Introduction The following report is an assessment of Alpha Response Technological Company venturing the laptop market in Rwanda. Alpha response technological Company (ARTS) is a Taiwan based technology firm and is looking forward to launching it laptops in Rwanda. Rwanda is country located in Central East Africa. Rwanda like other developing countries is having progress in terms of technology and society. The Rwanda laptop market is dominated by Positivo BGH who will be the main competitors of ARTS Company. The report will assess Rwanda using PESTLE Analysis, discuss foreign investments, and apply 5 forces analysis to show opportunities in the Rwanda market. The report will also outline the incentives that are available when entering the Rwanda Special Economic Zone. PESTLE Analysis Factor Analysis Political Rwanda is politically stable after 1994 Genocide. Economic Economy is managed by National Bank of Rwanda. 90% of the population works in Agriculture sector. The country currency is Rwandan franc. Per capita GDP is $2090 Rwanda has a free market economy. Industrial sector contribute 14% of GDP while agriculture 32% Technological There is 4G internet connection ICT has been incorporated in the education system Environment The government has designated special economic zones for companies. Social culture Rwanda has a population of 11262564 people The population is young making 53% aged 16-64 of the total population. Rwanda is densely populated with 445 inhabitants/km Tertiary education enrollment is 8%. Literacy rate is at 71(those that can read and write) Education is provided by government through public school to secondary level. The society is still recovering from the 1994 genocide Legal environment Companies need to get licenses before starting to make laptops in Kigali Incentives in Rwandan Special Economic Zones The economic zones are regulated by Special Economic Zones Authority of Rwanda(SEZAR). SEZAR works to ensure that the operations of the Special Economic Zone are in line with the countrys infrastructure, social, and fiscal policies. The economic zone has several incentives that are aimed at attracting foreign investment to the country. The incentives to enter Rwandan Special Economic Zones are; first, the firm gets access to storage facilities. Second, the firm is able to get reliable utilities. These include water, sanitation and power. Third, the economic zone has offices that are accessible to firms operating tin the area and therefore there is no need to construct one. The zone also offers off site and onsite roads links to main roads and the airport. In addition, firms operating in Special Economic Zones are able to get reduced tariff and customer duties. Current Foreign investment in Rwanda Rwanda economy has experienced the a high economic growth of 8.8% GDP on have for the past 10 years. The economy has both stable exchange rate and inflation rate. The GDP growth has been rated the highest in Africa. Rwanda was rated as the most competitive place in East Africa to do business and third in Sub Saharan Region. The foreign investment rate is 25% of the GDP. Currently, the country has a good business environment is facilitated by Special economic zones. The country also has cheap labour. The government has set ICT parks are serves to equip the young generation with ICT skills. ARTS Motivation to enter Rwandan Market The ARTS motivations to enter the Rwandan market are; first, the Rwandan market has cheap manufacturing labour. This will enable the company lower it cost of production and hence be able to offer competitive prices in the market. Secondly, the Rwandan market has tax incentives and therefore enabling the business to operate in a more business friendly environment. Thirdly, there is only one major competitor who the company believes they can beat in the market. Positivo BGH is viewed as weak because they took ARTS designs. Lastly, the company considers producing in the Rwanda because there is western emotion still in the Rwandan society against western countries and therefore would like to buy more from locally produced laptops in the market. 5 Forces Analysis Forces Analysis Threats of new entrants There are no barriers to industry entry. The ARTS have faced with high treat of new strong competitors entering the market (Hill,Jones, and Schilling, 2014). Bargaining power of customers There are many customers in the Rwandan market and therefore customers have low bargaining power (Jameson, 2007). Threats of substitute Close substitutes of laptops are tablets and other smart phone devices. These products threat the prosperity of the laptop business. This is because they are more portable and affordable (Peppard, and Ward, 2016). Powers of suppliers ARTS Company has access to many suppliers around the world rendering it suppliers to have low power over the company. The company can dictate prices of it raw materials. The Rwandan labour unions are not in solidarity to bargain for high pay (Yunna, and Yisheng, 2014). Industry rivalry The main competitor in the market is Positivo BGH. The industry rivalry will be high (Grundy, 2006). Comparison between ARTS and Positivo Primary Product Lines ARTS Primary line GT80S Titan SLI 18.4in Core i7 Notebook Positivo BGH Primary Product line Serie FX 1000 Intel i7 6920HQ CPU Intel Core M-5Y10c NVIDIA GeForce GTX980M graphics in SLI Incorporated Intel HD Graphic 5300 32 GB DDR4 memory 4GB Super Raid 4 512GB Solid State Drive - 1TB hard drive 128GB 18.4in Full HD anti glare display Mini HDMI Killer Gigabit LAN WLAN 802.11 b/g/N Dynaudio 7.1 Audio Realtek ALC269Q Bluetooth 4.2 - 1* HDMI Mini HDMI 1* Mini Display Port - 5*USB 3.0 2* USB 3.0 1*USB Super Port Type -C Quantitative analysis Rwandan Market Western Market Price AUD 4999/ Franc 3000012.82 AUD 4999/ franc 3000012.82 Costs Raw materials AUD 2020 AUD 1840 Labour AUD 560 AUD 1540 Other expenses AUD 1420 AUD 1020 Gross profit AUD 999 AUD599 Recommendations From the analysis of this report, the Rwandan Market is favorable and has high returns compared to western market. The company will be able to get high returns in the market. Though the initial cost and raw material costs are high the labour is cheap. The company benefits from cheap labour. The company should therefore invest in the Rwandan market. Conclusion From the report, Rwandan business environment is favorable. The Pestle and 5 forces analysis shows that the market has an opportunity for growth. The government of Rwanda has incentives for foreign investment that makes it easy to operate in the country. There are few competitors and the ARTS product is superior to Positivo BGH. The company will also benefit from high returns in the Rwandan market. References Freeman, R.E., 2010. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university press. Grundy, T., 2006. Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter's five forces model. Strategic Change, 15(5), pp.213-229. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jameson, F., 2007. Late Marxism (p. 214). Verso. Lee, H., Kim, M.S. and Park, Y., 2012. An analytic network process approach to operationalization of five forces model. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 36(4), pp.1783-1795. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016. The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Yunna, W. and Yisheng, Y., 2014. The competition situation analysis of shale gas industry in China: Applying Porters five forces and scenario model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, pp.798-805.